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Flora of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a rich land of biodiversity. About 6000 species of plants are gathered in such a small area of 147570 sq km. We are trying to introduce the flora of Bangladesh in a pack from the naturalist view, not from the eye of plant-expert. For this, there will be some unwanted mistakes. Needless to say, pics used in this site are all original. The information is gathered here from the personal notes, collected books and from different websites.

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Aquatic plants that available on floraofbangladesh.com

01. Padma, Lotus, nelumbo nucifera
02. Kolmi-lota, ipomoea aquatica
03. Kochuripana, Water hyacinth, eichhornia crassipes
04. Boronukha, monochoria hastata
05. Rokto-komol, Red water lily, nymphaea rubra
06. Shapla, Water Lily, nymphaea pubescens
07. Keshordam, ludwigia adscendens
08. Chandmala or Water snowflake, nymphoides indica
09. Dhonche or Prickly sesban, sesbania bispinosa
10. Jhajhidam or Bladderwort, utricularia flexuosant
11. Shaluk or Blue water lily, nymphaea nouchali

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Guloncho, Heart-leaved moonseed, tinospora cordifolia

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Kulekhara or Talmakhna, hygrophila auriculata

Kulekhara or Talmakhna (hygrophila auriculata, family: acanthaceae) is an annual thorny herb with straight stem. The plant is very popular as a medicinal plant in Bangladesh as well as Indian subcontinent.

Leaves and thorns grow from each node. Outer leaves are longer than the inner ones. Both leaves and thorns remain in upward direction.

Flowers are bright violet or red, sometimes whitish with soft and minor hair. Flower blooms in winter. The plant grows in cropland and damp lands or at the edge of ditches.

Its root, leaves and seeds are used in gonorrhea, jaundice, rheumatic pain and urinary problem.

It is also known as Kanta kalika & Shoolmordon.

Kath-badam, Bengal almond, terminalia catappa

Kath-badam, Bengal almond (terminalia catappa, family: combretaceae) is a large deciduous tree with spreading horizontal branches. It is found in the tropical Asia, Africa and Australia.

Common names: Katbadam, Deshi badam, Bengal almond, Indian almond, Tropical almond.

During winter the beautiful green leaves of terminalia catappa turn to red.

Leaves are simple, 15-25 cm long and 8-15 cm wide, obcordate, alternate or whorled.

Flowers appear in the summer.

Flowers are small, grey white, clustered on axillary or terminal spike. Flowers on the upper part of the inflorescence are male and those are on the lower part are bisexual.

Fruit is elliptical, 4-6 cm long, red when ripe.

The tree with nice canopy is planted in avenues and gardens as ornamental tree in Bangladesh.

Propagation of the plant is caused by seeds.

Dumur, Hairy fig, ficus hispida

Dumur or Hairy fig (ficus hispida, family: moraceae) is a medium-sized tree from ficus genus with branches. The hairy-leaved tree is native to Bangladesh, as well as South and Southeast Asia and New Guinea, Australia and Andaman island. Figs are eaten as vegetables in Bangladesh and India.

Flowers remain inside fruit and cannot be seen from outside. Fruits called figs grow in cluster on branches. The ripe fruit is yellow.

Ovulate green leaves are hairy and rough. Leaf is 12-18 cm long and pedicel is 2-5 cm long.

Common names: Dumur, Kala dumur, Kak dumur, Devil fig, Hairy fig, Opposite-leaved fig-tree, Rough-leaved fig.

Its propagation is by seeds.

Figs are used in stomach-ache and constipation. It is also used to cure different teeth diseases.

Ripe fruits are eaten by birds and seeds are spread with their droppings.

The plant grows in wilderness and fallow lands. It can be seen everywhere in Bangladesh. The species name 'hispida' derives from its hairy leaves.

Shapla, Water Lily, nymphaea pubescens

Shapla or Water Lily (nymphaea pubescens, family: nymphaeceae) is a common water plant and national flower of Bangladesh. The plant grows from underwater soil. Petiole is very very long : 60-70 cm. Leaves are round or ovate, floating on water, 15-45 cm long, edge dentate and wavy, upper side bright green and lower side reddish violet.

Flower is white, bluish white or bluish viiolet. Sepals 4, elliptical-ovate, persistent, 3-9 cm long, outer side green, vertically striped; inner side bluish white. Numerous stamens surrounded the pistil at the centre of flower. Flower usually blooms at night during rainy season. Fruit is globose, glabrous, with granular seeds inside. It is found in ponds, canals, beels and jheels everywhere of Bangladesh as well as Indian subcontinent.

It is used in dysentery, cough, vomiting, fever, gall and heart diseases. It helps the growth of sperm and breast milk. Seeds are fried to make `khoi', which is edible. Shapla stems are eaten as delicious vegetable…

Hijol, Indian oak, barringtonia acutangula

Hijol or Indian oak (barringtonia acutangula, family: lecythidaceae) is a medium-sized evergreen tree, native to riverine Bangladesh. This water-friendly is found in the wetlands of Bangladesh. The species is widely distributed to South and Southeast Asia and Australasia.

Common Names: Hijal, Hijagal, Hendol, Indian oak.

Leaves are short petioled, serrated, 7-12 cm long and 3-7 cm wide, crowded at the end of the branches.Flowers are small, pink to red, sub-sessile, purple red with numerous stamens. Inflorescence is 20-30 cm long, pendulous raceme, flower openning from top to downwards. The 4-merous flowers are grouped in long & pendulous racemes up to 20-30 cm long. The cup-shaped calyx is light green in color. Flowers bloom in April-May.

Its bark has tannin which is useful for heart diseases. Powder of seeds works expectorant and applied to cure cough of children. Tonic is prepared from leaves and roots. Fish poison is also prepared from its…

Guloncho, Heart-leaved moonseed, tinospora cordifolia

Guloncho or Heart-leaved moonseed (tinospora cordifolia, family: menispermaceae) is a deciduous creeper with hard and long stem, climbing other trees or fences. Bark on the stem is as thin as paper. Aerial roots come out of the stem when the plant grows older. The plant is found everywhere in Bangladesh except southern part. It is also native to South and Southeast Asia.

Common names: Heart-leaved moonseed, Guduchi, Giloy, Guloncho, Guroncho, Padma guloncho.

Leaves are simple, green, alternate, cordate, 6-15 cm long and 5-13 cm wide.

Inflorescence, growing from the axil of leaflet branches, bears yellow flowers. Male and female flowers bloom separately. Sepals 6, arranged in two rows, petal 6, pistils 3.

Fruit is a drupe, brilliant red when ripe. This attractive fruit is inedible to human.

Tinospora cordifolia is used in weakness, tastelessness, rheumatism, sore, abnormal heartbeat, chronic fever, cough and sexual diseases.

Harjora lota, Veld grape, Cissus quadrangularis

Harjora lota or Veld grape (cissus quadrangularis, family: vitaceae) is a deciduous climber with smooth, stout, succulent, quadrangular stems. It has simple tendrils, born opposed to leaf. The stem of the plant has great repute in the treatment of bone fracture. That's why it has been named 'Harjora lota' or 'Harbhanga lota' in Bangla.

It is native to Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. The perennial climber is also found in Africa, Arabia, and Southeast Asia. It has been introduced to Americas.

The large branched climber's leaves are simple, 3-6 cm long and 2-7 cm wide, fleshy, cordate, 3-5 lobed, toothed, acute to obtuse at apex, petioled, glabrous on both surfaces. Inflorescence umbellate cymes, glabrous. Flowers are reddish, corolla lobes 4. Fruit is a berry, globose, red when ripe.

Other local names: Harenga, Kumor-lota.

An extract is used as a cure for scurvy and irregular menstruation, and in ear and nose complaints. The stem has great repute in the treat…

Punarnava, Red spiderling, boerhavia diffusa

Punarnava or Red spiderling (boerhavia diffusa, family: nyctaginaceae) is a profusely branched flowering herb with creeping nature. This deep rooted glabrous herb is very widespread, and has become naturalized in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. The perennial is found everywhere in Bangladesh as weed.

Different parts of the plant are used in insomnia, strangury, cough, fever, asthma, worm and rheumatism. The plant work as diuretic and analgesic.

Common names: Red spiderling, Horse-purslane, Spreading hogweed, Tarvine.

Flowers are red, pink or white, small, on terminal inflorescence, perianth segments 5.

Leaves appear two in one node, one smaller than the other, upper surface green and lower surface whitish, long petioled. Thick leaves are 2-4 cm long, ovate or oblong-cordate, entire or sinuate.

Fruits are ovate, oblong, five-ribbed pubescent, viscid, glandular.

In Indian subcontinent whole plant, roots and leaves are being used as a traditional medicinal plant for thousand of yea…

Bon-tepari, Angular winter cherry, physalis angulata

Bon-tepari or Angular winter cherry (physalis angulata, family: solanaceae) is an annual herb attaining a height of 30-40 cm. The plant is originated in Americas. It has become naturalized throughout the tropical world.

Common name : Angular winter cherry, Bon-tepari, Gooseberry, Hogweed, Wild tomato.

Flowers are solitary, pale yellow in color.

Leaves are light green, ovate-oblong, acute, 6-12 cm long and 4-5.7 cm wide. Fruit is round, born inside a balloon-like calyx. Physalis angulata is a very common weed that grows in fallow land, roadside jungle and croplands in Bangladesh. Seeds are used in the treatment of gonorrhea. Fruits are energising and diuretic.

Tomal, diospyros cordifolia

Tomal or Bon gab (diospyros cordifolia, family: ebenaceae) is a deciduous small to medium-sized tree with spreading branches and blackish bark, sometimes thorny. This beautiful tree is native to Malaysia, Myanmar, Australia and is introduced to Bangladesh and other subcontinent countries.

Leaves are simple green, glabrous, petioled, alternate, lanceolate-cordate 5-10 cm long and 2-4 cm wide.

Flowers are small, whitish, with 4 petals. January-February is the flowering time. Male and female flowers usually grow singly from leaf axil while the male ones bloom in cluster on cyme inflorescence.

Poisonous fruit is berry, round, fleshy 2.5 cm across. Half-matured fruits are yellow and they turn purplish black when fully ripe. Propagation of the plant is caused by seeds.

As a medicinal plant diospyros cordifolia is used in the treatment of fever, pneumonia and diarrhoea.

Stout thorns are often found over the trunk or larger branches.