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Flora of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a rich land of biodiversity. About 6000 species of plants are gathered in such a small area of 147570 sq km. We are trying to introduce the flora of Bangladesh in a pack from the naturalist view, not from the eye of plant-expert. For this, there will be some unwanted mistakes. Needless to say, pics used in this site are all original. The information is gathered here from the personal notes, collected books and from different websites.

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Aquatic plants that available on floraofbangladesh.com

01. Padma, Lotus, nelumbo nucifera
02. Kolmi-lota, ipomoea aquatica
03. Kochuripana, Water hyacinth, eichhornia crassipes
04. Boronukha, monochoria hastata
05. Rokto-komol, Red water lily, nymphaea rubra
06. Shapla, Water Lily, nymphaea pubescens
07. Keshordam, ludwigia adscendens
08. Chandmala or Water snowflake, nymphoides indica
09. Dhonche or Prickly sesban, sesbania bispinosa
10. Jhajhidam or Bladderwort, utricularia flexuosant
11. Shaluk or Blue water lily, nymphaea nouchali

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Guloncho, Heart-leaved moonseed, tinospora cordifolia

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Tridhara or coatbuttons, tridax procumbens

Tridhara or coatbuttons (tridax procumbens, family: compositae) is a perennial herb with soft, hairy and weak stem. It can get a height about 1 m. The plant grows on fallow land and roadside areas as weed in Bangladesh. It can be planted in garden as an ornamental flowering herb.

Leaves are light green, opposite, short petioled, ovate-lanceolate with divided or dented and hairy edge.

Flowers are beautiful, showy, yellow in color, head, set on very long pedicel. In the head there are five ray florets and the centre there are closely-knit small round disk florets. Flowering occurs round the year.

Flower and fruit can be seen in same plant at a time. Fruit is cotton-like. The propagation of the plant is caused by seeds; those can be spread far and wide through the air. It is a medicinal plant. It is used in different kinds of diseases.

Other common names: Tunaki, Tridaxa, Tridokkho.

Bon tamak or Wild tobacco, nicotiana plumbaginifolia

Bon tamak or Wild tobacco (nicotiana plumbaginifolia, family: solanaceae) is an erect herb with branches attaining a height of 60-70 cm. There are many branches below rather than the top. The plant grows here and there, specially in sugarcane, corn and sesame fields and on the village street as weed in Bangladesh.

Leaves look like tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) but smaller than that. Leaves are green in color, ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, 25-30 cm long, hairy, viscose.

Flowers are white with light pink shade, corolla tubular, sepals 5, petals 5. Flower grows as single from lea f axil. Flower blooms round the year.

The fruits are covered with 10 permanent veins. Seeds are small, black in color, upper part wrinkled.

The hairy perennial plant is a medicinal one. Leaf, stem and seed are used in allergy, phlegm, asthma, rheumatism, worm and louse infection and eye disease.

Punarnava, Red spiderling, boerhavia diffusa

Punarnava or Red spiderling (boerhavia diffusa, family: nyctaginaceae) is a profusely branched flowering herb with creeping nature. This deep rooted glabrous herb is very widespread, and has become naturalized in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. The perennial is found everywhere in Bangladesh as weed.

Different parts of the plant are used in insomnia, strangury, cough, fever, asthma, worm and rheumatism. The plant work as diuretic and analgesic.

Common names: Red spiderling, Horse-purslane, Spreading hogweed, Tarvine.

Flowers are red, pink or white, small, on terminal inflorescence, perianth segments 5.

Leaves appear two in one node, one smaller than the other, upper surface green and lower surface whitish, long petioled. Thick leaves are 2-4 cm long, ovate or oblong-cordate, entire or sinuate.

Fruits are ovate, oblong, five-ribbed pubescent, viscid, glandular.

In Indian subcontinent whole plant, roots and leaves are being used as a traditional medicinal plant for thousand of yea…

Oporajita or Butterfly pea, clitoria ternatea

Oporajita or Butterfly pea (clitoria ternatea, fabaceae) is an annual twiming climber. It is native to tropical Asia and found throughout the tropical world. The flower look like women's genitalia. The genus name 'clitoria' and Sanskrit name 'Jonipushpi' are mentioned for this reason.

Common names: Oporajita, Asian pigeonwings, Butterfly pea.

Flowers are butterfly-shaped, blue, light blue or pure white. Leaves are pinnately compound, leaflets 5 or sometimes 7 per pinnae; leaflets ovate, alternate, the terminal one is largest. Flower blooms throughout the year.

Fruit is a legume, 4-7 cm long and about 1 cm wide. Propagation is caused by seeds. Root, bark and leaves are used to prepare medicines for pain, goitre, diabetes, bronchial and skin diseases. Root is used for defusing the affect of snake's poison and for smooth delivery of baby. The flower is popularly known as butterfly.

Guloncho, Heart-leaved moonseed, tinospora cordifolia

Guloncho or Heart-leaved moonseed (tinospora cordifolia, family: menispermaceae) is a deciduous creeper with hard and long stem, climbing other trees or fences. Bark on the stem is as thin as paper. Aerial roots come out of the stem when the plant grows older. The plant is found everywhere in Bangladesh except southern part. It is also native to South and Southeast Asia.

Common names: Heart-leaved moonseed, Guduchi, Giloy, Guloncho, Guroncho, Padma guloncho.

Leaves are simple, green, alternate, cordate, 6-15 cm long and 5-13 cm wide.

Inflorescence, growing from the axil of leaflet branches, bears yellow flowers. Male and female flowers bloom separately. Sepals 6, arranged in two rows, petal 6, pistils 3.

Fruit is a drupe, brilliant red when ripe. This attractive fruit is inedible to human.

What an extensive climber!

Tinospora cordifolia is used in weakness, tastelessness, rheumatism, sore, abnormal heartbeat, chronic fever, cough and sexual diseases.

Kulekhara or Talmakhna, hygrophila auriculata

Kulekhara or Talmakhna (hygrophila auriculata, family: acanthaceae) is a stout and erect herb with straight and undivided stem. The plant is very popular as a medicinal plant in Bangladesh as well as Indian subcontinent.

Leaves are lanceolate, subsessile, acute at both ends with long whitish hairs, dense with straight and stout thorns that grow from each node. Outer leaves are longer than the inner ones. Both leaves and thorns remain in upward direction.

Flowers in axillary whorls. They are bright violet or bluish purple and red, sometimes whitish with soft and minor hair, corolla 2-lipped. Flower blooms in the winter.

Fruit a capsule, 4-8-seeded. Seeds are ovoid (not in the pic).

The plant is cooling and diuretic in cases of hepatic obstruction, dropsy, rheumatism and diseases of genito-urinary tracts. Seeds are demulcent, diuretic and possibly tonic. Its root, leaves and seeds are used in gonorrhea, jaundice, rheumatic pain and urinary problem.

The annual thorny herb grows in cropl…

Pakur, ficus infectoria

Pakur (ficus infectoria, family: moraceae) is a large and beautiful tree from Fig family with spreading crown. The height and the shape of the tree is very much like its relatives-- Ashoth and Bot. Bark is gray and smooth. Wood is also gray-colored. The deciduous tree with aerial prop roots is grown on the roadside areas, in parks and the premises of temple and by village huts as shadow tree.

Leaves are dark green, entire, thin, ovate-oblong or slightly heart-shaped, 8-10 cm long and 5-7 cm wide, almost like the leaves of Ashoth, but have not any elongated tail-like part at the tip and also not broad and long than that; petioles 5-7 cm long. The leaves and young shoots contain milky latex.

Flowers remain inside fruit like all other figs in this family. Fruits called figs grow in cluster on branches. Figs are round. At the end of rainy season, the fruit becomes ripe.

The worship of Nishkandi Deo and a village fair have been organized for hundred of years under this tree.
Needless to s…

Dhutra or Thorn apple, datura metel

Dhutra orThorn apple (datura metel, family: solanaceae) is an an erect and stout herb with branches, attaining a height 1-1.5 m. The stem is hollow, green with strong odor. It is native to Bangladesh as well as Indian sub-continent, East African area and some Oceanic islands. In Bangladesh it grows everywhere and planted as an ornamental plant.

Leaves are simple, alternate, ovate, glabrous, 7-15 cm long and 5 cm wide, apex acute. Petiole 5-7 cm long. Fragrant flowers are solitary, single or double, large, greenish-white, funnel-shaped, bisexual, sepals 5, petals 5. Flower blooms mainly in summer.

Fruit is globose, pale green and spiny. The plant is propagated by seeds.

Common names: Dhatura, Dhutra, Thorn apple, Devil's trumpet, Cornucopia.

For thousands of years the poisonous herb has been used as an Ayurvedic medicinal plant. The flower and fruit contains many stimulating substances. Medicines made from it are used to cure neural and nervous diseases.

A variety of datura metel is…

Lojjaboti, Touch me not, mimosa pudica

Lojjaboti or Touch me not (mimosa pudica, family: fabaceae) is a annual or perennial woody and creeping herb. The prickly herb is native to South America. Nowadays it is found throughout the tropical world as well as South and Southeast Asia.

Common names: Lojjaboti, Touch me not, Sensitive plant, Sleepy plant, Shy plant.

Leaves are very sensitive─a slight touch instantly causes them to unfurl and shrink. The Bangla name (Lojjaboti) has been derived from this special attribute.

Leaves are pinnately compound, pinnae 2 pairs, blade 8 pairs, linear, opposite, looking like feather.

Flowers are small, pinkish in color, clustered as head.
The plant is used to prepare medicine for dysentery, piles, constipation, snake poison, arthritis and toothache. It helps to stop abnormal blood emission due to abortion.

Friut is a pod, 1-3 cm long. 2-7 prickly pods consists in a cluster. Hard coated seeds are pale brown.

Propagation of the plant is caused by seeds.

Mimosa pudica usually prefers shady ar…

Ashphol or Longan tree, dimocarpus longan

Ashphol or Longan tree (dimocarpus longan) is a medium-sized (10-15 m) evergreen tree from Litchi family. Bark is blackish grey. Its fruit is known as Kath-lichu in Bangla, because it has a similarity with litchi.

Leaflets green, 2-5 pairs, elliptical, ovate or lanceolate, acute or obtuse at the end, glabrous above, Veins and midribs are clearly visible, 7-10 cm long and 3-5 cm wide.

Flowers are small, petals 5, yellowish white as Litchi's flower, soft and round, borne on terminal panicle. Male and hermaphrodite flowers can be seen in the same panicle. Flowers occur in February-Mach.

Fruit is round, brown and reddish yellow, containing one seed each like Litchi. Fruit-flesh is juicy and almost sweet as Litchi, but not thick as that. Fruits ripen in May-June.

The plant is propagated by seed and air layering. Fruits are edible and popular among the children of Bangladesh. Original home of the plant is Malay. It is found in hilly areas of Chittagong of the country.

Fruit and its s…